Diabetes and Kidney Disease

diabetic kidney diseaseDiabetes and kidney disease don’t have to be a forgone conclusion. Learning how to work with your body to keep your kidney’s healthy is critical. For proper motivation, let’s look at some of the startling facts first.

Over 100,000 people are diagnosed with kidney failure each year. Kidney failure is often referred to as chronic kidney failure or CKD. People with both kidney disease and diabetes, represent almost 44 percent of all new cases of kidney failure.The magnitude of the problem is staggering. Of the 24 million people with diabetes, 180,000 of them are living with kidney failure

Obviously, kidney failure is very serious and can be fatal, as the body can no longer rid itself of waste. Sufferers must either go through dialysis (artificial blood cleansing) or receive a kidney transplant. Besides the human toll, the financial toll of kidney failure in the United States alone is estimated at $32 Billion.

What Causes Kidneys Failure?

The cause of diabetic kidney failure is not fully understood. Like diabetes itself, African Americans, American Indians, Hispanics and Latinos develop kidney failure at a higher rate than Caucasians. The only definitive consensus is that high blood pressure and high blood glucose levels increase the risk that a person with diabetes will develop kidney failure.

How does the disease progress?

diabetes-and-kidney-diseaseDiabetic kidney disease usually develops in three stages over many years.

Microalbuminuria is the first stage of CKD. During this stage, kidney filtration and function is usually normal and can last for several years. The microalbuminuria symptom is simply that small amounts of the blood protein albumin begin to leak into the urine.

Macroalbuminuria is the second stage of CKD. During this stage more albumin is beginning to leak into the urine. As this occurs, the kidneys filtering ability declines and more of the body’s waste is retained. Kidney damage begins, often resulting in high blood pressure.

Kidney failure is the last stage. During the first 10 years of diabetes, kidney damage is very uncommon. Typically, 15-25 years pass before kidney failure takes place. If no signs of CKD occur for 25 years, the chance of developing CKD decreases.

How do you diagnose people?

Two important measurements are made to screen for diabetes and kidney disease.

Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR). eGFR estimates the amount of blood filtered in a minute by the glomeruli in the kidney. A blood sample is taken that measures the blood’s creatinine level. Creatinine is a waste product. The higher the creatinine level (i.e., the higher the waste), the lower the filtration rate (i.e., the more damage to the kidney). CKD is diagnosed when the eGFR is less than 60 milliliters per minute. The American Diabetes Association (ADA) and The National Institute of Health (NIH) recommend a yearly eGFR test.

Urine Albumin. This test compares the amount of albumin in urine with the amount of creatinine. Urine will contain almost no albumin and large amounts of creatinine, if the kidneys are healthy. CKD is diagnosed if the urine contains more than 30 milliliters of albumin per gram of creatinine (regardless of eGFR). The ADA and NIH recommend annual Albumin test for all Type 2 diabetics and for type diabetics who have had diabetes 5 years or more.

High Blood Pressure Effects on Kidney Disease

As discussed above, high blood pressure, also known as hypertension, is a leading factor in the development of kidney disease in people with diabetes. High blood pressure even accelerates CKD if the disease is already present. Hypertension is also a result of CKD, not just a cause, so it is very important to maintain good blood pressure.

People with diabetes need to monitor their blood pressure closely. Blood pressure is measured with two numbers, such as 130/80 (spoken as “130 over 80”). Systolic pressure, the first number, measures the pressure in arteries as the heart beats. Diastolic pressure, the second number, measures the pressure between heartbeats. The ADA recommends a blood pressure below 130/80.

How to Prevent or Slow Kidney Disease

Enough about the problems with CKD, let’s learn how the disease is prevented or slowed. The NIH recommends a three prong approach.

Medication. Tremendous advances have been made developing medications to lower high blood pressure. Blood pressure medication has a tremendous effect of slowing CKD for diabetics with high blood pressure. The two main drug types are angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB). These two drug types are often combined with diuretics, beta blockers, and calcium channel blockers for effective treatment.

Protein Appropriate Diets. High protein diets can be harmful to diabetics. People with CKD should follow the recommend daily protein amounts. Reduced protein diets can also be beneficial for people with advanced CKD. Please consult your physician for further guidance on what diet is appropriate for you.

Blood Glucose (Sugar) Management. A treatment known as Intensive management of blood glucose, also known as glycemic control, is sometimes used to keep glucose levels very close to normal. Keeping blood glucose levels normal can slow CKD. Every case is different, but the treatment focuses on the following:

  • Proper Diet and Exercise Plan
  • Testing Glucose Levels Frequently
  • Insulin injections or Pump (if needed)
  • Regular Consultations with Healthcare Team

In one study, this treatment has led to a 50% reduction in the development and progression of early kidney disease in people with diabetes.

Sources:

National Institute of Health, Publication No. 083925, Kidney Disease of Diabetes, September 2008 (Accessed December 2008). – See more at: https://diabeteswellbeing.com/diabetes-kidney-disease.html#sthash.DXKHUBVN.dpuf
By Erich Schultz – Last Reviewed April 2012.